Sub-Classification within SC/ST: Challenges Ahead

Reservation policy in India is a vital constitutional mechanism designed to promote social justice and address historical oppression and exclusion faced by marginalised communities. Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) receive special protections and affirmative action measures under the Constitution, particularly through Articles 15(4), 16(4), and 46. These provisions allow the state to implement reservation policies in education, employment, and social welfare to ensure equality of opportunity. However, concerns have emerged regarding the unequal distribution of benefits within SC/ST categories. Certain advanced sub-groups have accessed these benefits more effectively, while many marginalised communities remain underrepresented. This has led to demands for sub-classification within SC/ST reservations to ensure equitable opportunities. The Supreme Court’s decision in State of Punjab v. Davinder Singh recognized that SCs and STs are not homogeneous groups and permitted sub-classification for reservation purposes. While the judgment aims to advance substantive equality and inclusion, it raises constitutional challenges.